Processors, methods, and systems to implement partial register accesses with masked full register accesses

ABSTRACT

A method includes receiving a packed data instruction indicating a first narrower source packed data operand and a narrower destination operand. The instruction is mapped to a masked packed data operation indicating a first wider source packed data operand that is wider than and includes the first narrower source operand, and indicating a wider destination operand that is wider than and includes the narrower destination operand. A packed data operation mask is generated that includes a mask element for each corresponding result data element of a packed data result to be stored by the masked packed data operation. All mask elements that correspond to result data elements to be stored by the masked operation that would not be stored by the packed data instruction are masking out. The masked operation is performed using the packed data operation mask. The packed data result is stored in the wider destination operand.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

Embodiments described herein generally relate to processors. Inparticular, embodiments described herein generally relate to accessingregisters in processors.

2. Background Information

Many processors have Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD)architectures. In SIMD architectures, a packed data instruction, vectorinstruction, or SIMD instruction may operate on multiple data elementsor multiple pairs of data elements simultaneously or in parallel. Theprocessor may have parallel execution hardware responsive to the packeddata instruction to perform the multiple operations simultaneously or inparallel.

Multiple data elements may be packed within one register or memorylocation as packed data. In packed data, the bits of the register orother storage location may be logically divided into a sequence of dataelements. For example, a 128-bit wide packed data register may have two64-bit wide data elements, four 32-bit data elements, eight 16-bit dataelements, etc.

In some processor architectures, there has been an increase over theyears in the width of packed data operands used by instructions. Suchincreased packed data widths generally allow more data elements to beprocessed concurrently or in parallel, which tends to improveperformance. Even though there are instructions that utilize the widerpacked data operands, it is still generally desirable to support theolder instructions that utilize the narrower packed data operands, forexample to provide backward compatibility. Moreover, often narrowerregisters that are used to store the narrower packed data operands maybe aliased on wider registers that are used to store the wider orexpanded packed data operands.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention may best be understood by referring to the followingdescription and accompanying drawings that are used to illustrateembodiments of the invention. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a processor.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a first embodiment of a set of suitablepacked data registers.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram of an existing set of registers in someprocessors.

FIG. 3B is a block diagram of a second embodiment of a set of suitablepacked data registers.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an embodiment of an instruction processingapparatus.

FIG. 5 is a block flow diagram of an embodiment of a method in aprocessor.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating a partial register accessoperation, which may be performed on narrower operands that are overlaidon wider operands, in response to a partial register access instruction.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an example embodiment of a masked fullregister access packed data operation on wider operands that may beperformed in response to a partial register access packed datainstruction indicating narrower operands.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating a partial register accessoperation, which may be performed on narrower operands that are overlaidon wider operands, in response to a partial register access instruction.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an example embodiment of a masked fullregister access packed data operation on wider operands that may beperformed in response to a partial register access packed datainstruction indicating narrower operands.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating a partial register accessoperation, which may be performed on non-corresponding data elements ofnarrower operands overlaid on wider operands, in response to a partialregister access instruction.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an example embodiment of a masked fullregister access packed data operation, which may be performed oncorresponding data elements of wider operands, which may be performed inresponse to a partial register access packed data instruction indicatingoperations on non-corresponding data elements of narrower operands.

FIG. 12 is a table illustrating that the number of packed data operationmask bits depends upon packed data width and packed data element width.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of an example embodiment of a suitable set ofpacked data operation mask registers.

FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating that a number of bits used as a packeddata operation mask and/or for masking may depend on packed data widthand data element width.

FIG. 15A is a block diagram illustrating both an exemplary in-orderpipeline and an exemplary register renaming, out-of-orderissue/execution pipeline according to embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 15B is a block diagram illustrating both an exemplary embodiment ofan in-order architecture core and an exemplary register renaming,out-of-order issue/execution architecture core to be included in aprocessor according to embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 16A is a block diagram of a single processor core, along with itsconnection to the on-die interconnect network and with its local subsetof the Level 2 (L2) cache, according to embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 16B is an expanded view of part of the processor core in FIG. 16Aaccording to embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 17 is a block diagram of a processor that may have more than onecore, may have an integrated memory controller, and may have integratedgraphics according to embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 18, shown is a block diagram of a system in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 19 shown is a block diagram of a first more specific exemplarysystem in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 20 shown is a block diagram of a second more specific exemplarysystem in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 21 shown is a block diagram of a SoC in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 22 is a block diagram contrasting the use of a software instructionconverter to convert binary instructions in a source instruction set tobinary instructions in a target instruction set according to embodimentsof the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Disclosed herein are partial register access methods, processors, andsystems. In the following description, numerous specific details are setforth (e.g., specific registers, instructions, masks, ways of performingpartial register accesses, logic implementations, processorconfigurations, microarchitectural details, sequences of operations,logic partitioning/integration details, types and interrelationships ofsystem components, and the like). However, it is understood thatembodiments of the invention may be practiced without these specificdetails. In other instances, well-known circuits, structures andtechniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure theunderstanding of this description.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a processor 100. In someembodiments, the processor may be a general-purpose processor (e.g., ageneral-purpose microprocessor of the type used as a central processingunit in various types of computer systems). Alternatively, the processormay be a special-purpose processor. Examples of suitable special-purposeprocessors include, but are not limited to, network processors,communications processors, cryptographic processors, graphicsprocessors, coprocessors, embedded processors, digital signal processors(DSPs), and controllers (e.g., microcontrollers), to name just a fewexamples. The processor may be any of various complex instruction setcomputing (CISC) processors, various reduced instruction set computing(RISC) processors, various very long instruction word (VLIW) processors,various hybrids thereof, or other types of processors entirely.

The processor has an instruction set 102. The instructions of theinstruction set represent macroinstructions, assembly languageinstructions, or machine-level instructions that are provided to theprocessor for execution. The instruction set includes one or morepartial register access packed data instructions 103. In someembodiments, the partial register access packed data instructions mayrepresent instructions that access one or more source and/or destinationoperands that represent only part of a register not the full width ofthe register. As one example, the partial register access packed datainstructions may represent instructions that access 128-bit source anddestination operands stored in 512-bit registers. The instruction setalso optionally includes one or more masked packed data instructions104. Optionally, the masked packed data instruction(s) include one ormore masked full register access instructions 104B. In some embodiments,a masked full register access instruction may represent an instructionthat accesses one or more source and/or destination operands thatrepresent or occupy a full width of a register. As one example, themasked full register access instruction may represent an instructionthat accesses 512-bit source and destination operands stored in 512-bitregisters.

The processor includes architecturally-visible registers (e.g., anarchitectural register file) 105. The architectural registers may alsobe referred to herein simply as registers. Unless otherwise specified orapparent, the terms architectural register, register file, and registerare used herein to refer to registers that are visible to the softwareand/or a programmer and/or the registers that are specified bymacroinstructions to identify operands. These registers are contrastedto other non-architectural or non-architecturally-visible registers in agiven microarchitecture (e.g., temporary registers used by instructions,reorder buffers, retirement registers, etc.). The registers generallyrepresent on-die processor storage locations. The illustrated registersinclude scalar general-purpose registers 106, packed data registers 107,and optional packed data operation mask registers 108.

The processor also includes execution logic 109 (e.g., one or moreexecution units). The execution logic is operable to execute or processthe instructions of the instruction set. For example, the executionlogic may be operable to execute or process the partial register accesspacked data instruction(s) 103 and the masked full register accesspacked data instruction(s) 104B.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a first embodiment of a set of suitablepacked data registers 207. The illustrated packed data registers includethirty-two 512-bit wide packed or vector registers. These thirty-two512-bit registers are labeled ZMM0 through ZMM31. The lower sixteen ofthese 512-bit registers are ZMM0 through ZMM15. As shown, in someembodiments, the lower order 256-bits of the ZMM0-ZMM15 registers arealiased or overlaid on respective 256-bit packed or vector registersYMM0-YMM15, although this is not required. Likewise, in someembodiments, the lower order 128-bits of the YMM0-YMM15 registers arealiased or overlaid on respective 128-bit packed or vector registersXMM0-XMM15, although this also is not required.

The 512-bit registers ZMM0-ZMM31 are each operable to hold 512-bitpacked data, 256-bit packed data, or 128-bit packed data. The 256-bitregisters YMM0-YMM15 are each operable to hold 256-bit packed data or128-bit packed data. The 128-bit registers XMM0-XMM1 are each operableto hold 128-bit packed data. Different data element sizes are supportedincluding at least 8-bit byte data, 16-bit word data, 32-bit doubleworddata, 32-bit single precision floating point data, 64-bit quadword data,and 64-bit double precision floating point data. Alternate embodimentsof packed data registers may include different numbers of registers,different sizes of registers, and may or may not alias larger registerson smaller registers.

Historically, processors initially only included the XMM registers.Instructions in the instruction set operated on the XMM registers.Later, the YMM registers were added to increase the packed or vectorwidths to allow more data elements to be processed concurrently or inparallel. New instructions were added to the instruction set to operateon these wider YMM registers. More recently, the ZMM registers wereadded to further increase the packed or vector widths to allow stillmore data elements to be processed concurrently or in parallel.Additional new instructions were added to the instruction set to operateon these still wider ZMM registers. Even though these newer instructionsand wider packed data widths are available, it is still generallydesirable to provide backward compatibility and still support the olderinstructions. For example, it is generally desirable for the processorto continue to support the older instructions that operate on the XMMand YMM registers. However, since the XMM and YMM registers are aliasedor overlaid on the wider ZMM registers, the use of these instructionsoften involve partial register accesses to narrower XMM and/or YMMoperands stored within the wider 512-bit registers.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram of an existing set of architectural registers310 in some processors. The illustrated registers include four 64-bitpacked data registers P0-P3, although more may optionally be included.These four 64-bit packed data registers may also be logically viewed ashalf as many, in the illustration two, 128-bit packed data registersQ0-Q1. The lowest order 64-bits (i.e., bits 63:0) of the 128-bitregister Q0 correspond to the 64-bit register P0, whereas the highestorder 64-bits (i.e., bits 127:64) of the 128-bit register Q0 correspondto the 64-bit register P1. Similarly, the lowest order 64-bits (i.e.,bits 63:0) of the 128-bit register Q1 correspond to the 64-bit registerP2, whereas the highest order 64-bits (i.e., bits 127:64) of the 128-bitregister Q1 correspond to the 64-bit register P3.

Instead of increasing the widths of the packed data registers usingaliasing as shown in the approach of FIG. 2, the approach used for theseexisting registers has been to logically group adjacent pairs ofnarrower 64-bit P0-P3 registers together to form wider 128-bit Q0-Q1registers. However, one possible drawback with such an approach oflogically grouping multiple narrower packed data registers to form asingle wider packed data register, is a decrease in the number of widerpacked data registers. There are only half as many 128-bit registers asthere are 64-bit registers. Moreover, this problem may be exacerbatedwhen packed data widths even wider than 128-bits are considered, sincethis may involve logically grouping three or more narrower registers tomake a single wider register. For example, four 64-bit registers may beneeded to make each 256-bit register.

FIG. 3B is a block diagram of a second embodiment of a set of suitablearchitectural packed data registers 307. In one aspect, the registers307 may represent a widened/expanded and compatible version of theexisting registers 310 of FIG. 3A. The registers 307 include four wider256-bit packed data registers R0-R3. These four wider 256-bit packeddata registers R0-R3 implement the existing registers P0-P3 and Q0-Q1.As shown, in some embodiments, the lower order 64-bits of the R0-R3registers overlap the respective 64-bit registers P0-P3, and the lowerorder 128-bits of the R0-R3 registers overlap the respective 128-bitregisters Q0-Q3, although this is not required. In various embodiments,there may be any desired number of such 256-bit registers, such as, forexample, sixteen, thirty two, sixty four, or some other number ofregisters. In other embodiments, instead of 256-bit registers, 512-bitregisters, 1024-bit registers, or other widths either wider or narrowerthan 256-bits may be used. Different data element sizes may be supportedincluding, for example, 8-bit byte, 16-bit word, 32-bit doubleword,32-bit single precision floating point, 64-bit quadword, 64-bit doubleprecision floating point, or various combinations thereof.

Since existing/legacy instructions may still specify the P0-P3 and/orthe Q0-Q1 registers, and since deprecating such existing/legacyinstructions may take many years or even decades, it may be important toprovide backward compatibility and to allow the existing/legacyinstructions to also be supported. For example, it may be important tostill allow the existing/legacy instructions to operate on the P0-P3and/or the Q0-Q1 registers. However, if the P0-P3 and/or the Q0-Q1registers are overlaid on wider registers (e.g., as shown in FIG. 3B),then execution of such instructions may involve partial registeraccesses to read data from and/or write data to the P0-P3 and/or theQ0-Q1 registers overlaid on the wider registers.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an embodiment of an instruction processingapparatus 400. In some embodiments, the instruction processing apparatusmay be a processor and/or may be included in a processor. For example,in some embodiments, the instruction processing apparatus may be, or maybe included in, the processor of FIG. 1. Alternatively, the instructionprocessing apparatus may be included in a similar or differentprocessor. Moreover, the processor of FIG. 1 may include either asimilar or different apparatus.

The apparatus 400 includes architectural registers 405. Each of theregisters may represent an on-die storage location that is operable tostore data. The registers may be implemented in different ways indifferent microarchitectures using well-known techniques and are notlimited to any particular type of circuit. Various different types ofregisters are suitable. Examples of suitable types of registers include,but are not limited to, dedicated physical registers, dynamicallyallocated physical registers using register renaming, and combinationsthereof. In some embodiments, the packed data registers 207 of FIG. 2,or the packed data registers 307 of FIG. 3, may be used for theregisters 405. Alternatively, other registers may be used for theregisters 405.

The apparatus may receive the partial register access instruction 403which may indicate one or more relatively narrower operands. By way ofexample, the instruction may be received from an instruction fetch unit,an instruction queue, or the like. In some embodiments, the partialregister access instruction may explicitly specify (e.g., through one ormore fields or a set of bits), or otherwise indicate (e.g., implicitlyindicate), a first relatively narrower source operand (e.g., a register)422, and may specify or otherwise indicate a relatively narrowerdestination operand (e.g., a register) 424. In some embodiments, thefirst narrower source operand 422 may be part of a first wider sourceoperand 423 and/or the narrower destination operand 424 may be part of awider destination operand 425. As one example, the first narrower sourceoperand 422 may be a first 128-bit XMM register, the first wider sourceoperand 423 may be a first 512-bit ZMM register on which the first128-bit XMM register is overlaid, the narrower destination operand 424may be a second 128-bit XMM register, and the wider destination operand425 may be a second 512-bit ZMM register on which the second 128-bit XMMregister is overlaid. As used herein, the terms “narrower” and “wider”are relative terms (i.e., not absolute terms), which are relative to oneanother (e.g., the narrower source operand is narrower than the widersource operand, etc.). In other embodiments, the partial register accessinstruction may indicate as few as a single relatively narrowerregister. Moreover, in other embodiments, one or more memory locationsmay be used to replace one or more of the registers and/or thedestination register may be the same as a source register.

The apparatus 400 also includes decode logic 420. The decode logic mayalso be referred to as a decode unit or decoder. The partial registeraccess instruction may represent a machine code instruction, assemblylanguage instruction, macroinstruction, or instruction and/or controlsignal of an instruction set of the apparatus. The decoder may decode,translate, interpret, morph, or otherwise convert the partial registeraccess instruction. For example, the decoder may decode a relativelyhigher-level partial register access instruction to one or morecorresponding relatively lower-level microinstructions,micro-operations, micro-code entry points, or other relativelylower-level instructions or control signals that reflect, represent,and/or are derived from the higher-level instructions. The decoder maybe implemented using various different mechanisms including, but notlimited to, microcode read only memories (ROMs), look-up tables,hardware implementations, programmable logic arrays (PLAs), and othermechanisms used to implement decoders known in the art.

In some embodiments, the decode logic 420 may include logic 421 to mapthe partial register access packed data instruction (which indicates thefirst narrower source packed data operand 422 and the narrowerdestination operand 424) to a masked full register access packed datainstruction/operation that indicates the first wider source packed dataoperand 423 and the wider destination operand 425. The first widersource packed data operand 423 is wider than and includes the firstnarrower source packed data operand 422 (e.g., the narrower operand 422may be aliased on the wider operand 423). The wider destination operand425 is wider than and includes the narrower destination operand 424. Insome embodiments, the partial register access instruction, and themasked full register access instruction, may have a same or closelyanalogous arithmetic, logical, or other operation (e.g., both mayperform add operations, both may perform shift operations, etc.). Insome embodiments, the masked full register access instruction mayperform all operations of the partial register access instruction plusadditional operations that may be masked out. The term masked refer topredication or conditional execution, which will be discussed furtherbelow. Advantageously, in some embodiments, the full register accessinstruction may perform a full register access instead of a partialregister access.

Referring again to FIG. 4, the execution logic 409 is coupled with thedecode logic 420 and the registers 405. By way of example, the executionlogic may include an execution unit, an arithmetic unit, an arithmeticlogic unit, a digital circuit to perform arithmetic and logicaloperations, a functional unit, a unit including integrated circuitry orhardware, or the like. The execution unit and/or the instructionprocessing apparatus may include specific or particular logic (e.g.,circuitry or other hardware potentially combined with firmware and/orsoftware) that is operable to perform operations responsive to thepartial register access instruction 403 (e.g., in response to one ormore instructions or control signals derived by the decode logic fromthe partial register access instruction 403).

In some embodiments, the execution unit may be operable to execute themasked full register access packed data instruction/operation with apacked data operation mask 408. In some embodiments, the packed dataoperation mask may include a mask element for each corresponding resultdata element of a packed data result that is to be stored by the maskedfull register access packed data instruction/operation. In someembodiments, all mask elements that correspond to result data elementsto be stored by the masked full register access packed datainstruction/operation that would not be stored by the partial registeraccess packed data instruction are to be masking out. The execution unitmay store the packed data result in the wider destination operand 425.

In some embodiments, the partial register access instruction may notindicate a packed data operation mask, but the packed data operationmask 408 may nevertheless be used to implement the execution of thepartial register access instruction. In other embodiments, the partialregister access instruction may indicate a packed data operation mask,but the packed data operation mask 408 may be wider in bits than thepacked data operation mask indicated by the partial register accessinstruction (e.g., may have additional mask bits that are alldeliberately masked out).

Packed data operation masks may represent predicate operands orconditional control operands. The packed data operation masks may alsobe referred to herein simply as masks. Each mask may predicate,conditionally control, or mask whether or not operations associated withan instruction are to be performed on source data elements and/orwhether or not results of the operations are to be stored in a packeddata result. Each mask may each include multiple mask elements,predicate elements, or conditional control elements.

In some embodiments, each mask may be operable to mask the operations atper-result data element granularity. In one aspect, the mask elementsmay be included in a one-to-one correspondence with result data elements(e.g., there may be four result data elements and four correspondingmask elements). Each different mask element may be operable to mask adifferent corresponding packed data operation, and/or mask storage of adifferent corresponding result data element, separately and/orindependently of the others. For example, a mask element may be operableto mask whether or not a packed data operation is performed on acorresponding data element of a source packed data (or on a pair ofcorresponding data elements of two source packed data) and/or whether ornot the result of the packed data operation is stored in a correspondingresult data element.

Commonly each mask element may be a single bit. The single bit may allowspecifying either of two different possibilities. As one example, eachbit may specify either perform the operation versus do not perform theoperation. As another example, each bit may specify store a result ofthe operation versus do not store a result of the operation. Accordingto one possible convention, each mask bit may have a first value (e.g.,set to binary 1) to allow a result of a packed operation to be stored ina corresponding result data element, or may have a second value (e.g.,cleared to binary 0) to prevent a result of a packed operation to bestored in a corresponding result data element. The opposite conventionis also possible.

In some embodiments, the operation may optionally be performedregardless of the corresponding mask bit or element, but thecorresponding results of the operation may, or may not, be stored in theresult packed data depending upon the value of the corresponding maskbit or element. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the operation mayoptionally be omitted (i.e., not performed) if the corresponding maskbit or element is masked out. In some embodiments, exceptions and/orviolations may optionally be suppressed for, or not raised by, anoperation on a masked-off element. In some embodiments, memory faultscorresponding to masked-off data elements may optionally be suppressedor not raised.

To avoid obscuring the description, a relatively simple instructionprocessing apparatus 400 has been shown and described. In otherembodiments, the apparatus may optionally include other well-knowncomponents found in processors. Examples of such components include, butare not limited to, a branch prediction unit, an instruction fetch unit,instruction and data caches, instruction and data translation lookasidebuffers, prefetch buffers, microinstruction queues, microinstructionsequencers, a register renaming unit, an instruction scheduling unit,bus interface units, second or higher level caches, a retirement unit,other components included in processors, and various combinationsthereof. There are literally numerous different combinations andconfigurations of components in processors, and embodiments are notlimited to any particular combination or configuration. Embodiments maybe included in processors have multiple cores, logical processors, orexecution engines at least one of which has execution logic operable toexecute an embodiment of an instruction disclosed herein.

FIG. 5 is a block flow diagram of an embodiment of a method 530 in aprocessor. In some embodiments, the operations and/or method of FIG. 5may be performed by and/or within the processor of FIG. 1 and/or theapparatus FIG. 4. The components, features, and specific optionaldetails described herein for the processor of FIG. 1 and the apparatusof FIG. 4 also optionally apply to the operations and/or method of FIG.5. Alternatively, the operations and/or method of FIG. 5 may beperformed by and/or within a similar or entirely different processor orapparatus. Moreover, the processor of FIG. 1 and the apparatus of FIG. 4may perform similar or different operations and/or methods than those ofFIG. 5.

The method includes receiving a packed data instruction, at block 531.In various aspects, the first instruction may be received from anoff-die source (e.g., from system memory, a disc, or a systeminterconnect), or from an on-die source (e.g., from an instruction cacheor instruction fetch unit). In some embodiments, the packed datainstruction may indicate a first narrower source packed data operand,optionally a second narrower source packed data operand, and a narrowerdestination operand.

The method includes mapping the packed data instruction to a maskedpacked data operation, at block 532. In some embodiments, the maskedpacked data operation may indicate a first wider source packed dataoperand that is wider than and includes the first narrower source packeddata operand, optionally a second wider source packed data operand thatis wider than and includes the second narrower source packed dataoperand, and a wider destination operand that is wider than and includesthe narrower destination operand. In some embodiments, the masked packeddata operation may indicate a packed data operation mask, whether or notthe received packed data instruction is a masked instruction and/orindicates a packed data operation mask. In some embodiments, decodelogic (e.g., a decode unit) may perform the mapping.

The method includes generating a packed data operation mask, at block533. In some embodiments, the packed data operation mask may include amask element for each corresponding result data element of a packed dataresult to be stored by the masked packed data operation. In someembodiments, all mask elements that correspond to result data elementsto be stored by the masked packed data operation that would not bestored by the packed data instruction may be masking out.

The method includes performing the masked packed data operation usingthe packed data operation mask, at block 534. The method includesstoring the packed data result in the wider destination operand, atblock 535. In some embodiments, storing the packed data result in thewider destination operand may include performing a full register writeinstead of a partial register write. In some embodiments, the widerdestination operand may entirely fill the destination register, whereasthe narrower destination operand would only have partially filled thedestination register such that a partial register write may have beenneeded if the mapping had not been performed.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating a partial register accessoperation 603, which may be performed on narrower operands that areoverlaid on wider operands, in response to a partial register accessinstruction. The partial register access instruction may specify orotherwise indicate a first narrower source packed data 622-1, mayspecify or otherwise indicate a second narrower source packed data622-2, and may specify or otherwise indicate a narrower destinationoperand 624 (e.g., a storage location) where a result packed data may bestored. In the illustrated example, each of the first narrower sourceoperand, the second narrower source operand, and the narrowerdestination operand are 128-bits wide and include four 32-bit dataelements. In the illustration, the first narrower source packed datahas, from the least significant position (on the right), to the mostsignificant position (on the left), the values A1, A2, A3, and A4.Similarly, the second narrower source packed data has, from the leastsignificant position (on the right), to the most significant position(on the left), the values B1, B2, B3, and B4. Other examples may useother packed data widths (e.g., 64-bit, 256-bit, 512-bit, etc.) witheither narrower (e.g., 8-bit, 16-bit, etc.) or wider (e.g., 64-bit) dataelements.

The narrower 128-bit operands are stored in wider registers. In theillustration, the wider registers are 512-bit registers. In particular,the first narrower source packed data 622-1 is stored in a first 512-bitregister 607-1, the second narrower source packed data 622-2 is storedin a second 512-bit register 607-2, and the narrower destination operand624 is stored in a third 512-bit register 607-3. In other embodiments,other register widths may be used, such as, for example, 256-bitregisters or 1024-bit registers. Bits 511:128 of the first 512-bitregister store values A5 to A16. Similarly, bits 511:128 of the second512-bit register store values B5 to B16.

A result packed data is generated and stored in the narrower destinationoperand 624 in response to the instruction/operation. The result packeddata includes a plurality of result packed data elements. In theillustrated example, the result packed data is 128-bits wide andincludes four 32-bit result data elements. Each of the result dataelements includes a result of an operation, in this case an additionoperation or sum, performed on a corresponding pair of source dataelements from the first and second narrower source packed data incorresponding relative bit positions. For example, in the illustration,the result packed data has, from the least significant position (on theright), to the most significant position (on the left), the valuesA1+B1, A2+B2, A3+B3, and A4+B4. It is to be appreciated that theaddition operation is just one illustrative example, and that otherarithmetic (e.g., multiplication, subtraction, etc.) and/or logical(e.g., shift, rotate, logical AND, logical XOR, etc.) operations arealso suitable.

Since the 128-bit first and second narrower source packed data 622-1,622-2 are only part of the wider first and second 512-bit registers607-1, 607-2, accessing the narrower source operands may involve partialregister read of the first and second 512-bit registers. For example,the values A1 to A4 may be read without reading the values A5 to A16.Moreover, since the narrower 128-bit result packed data and/or thenarrower 128-bit destination operand are only part of the wider third512-bit register 607-3, storing the result may involve a partialregister write to the third 512-bit register. For example, the valuesA1+B1, A2+B2, A3+B3, and A4+B4, may be stored in the third 512-bitregister without destroying the existing content in bits 511:128 of thethird 512-bit register (e.g., without destroying the values of either A5to A16 or B5 to B16). In some embodiments, it may be desirable to avoid,or at least reduce, the number of such partial register accesses.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an example embodiment of a masked fullregister access packed data operation 740 on wider operands that may beperformed in response to a partial register access packed datainstruction indicating narrower operands. In some embodiments, aprocessor or a portion thereof (e.g., a decode unit) may map the partialregister access packed data instruction to the masked full registeraccess packed data operation in order to replace one or more partialregister accesses that would be performed by the partial register accesspacked data instruction with one or more corresponding full registeraccesses performed by the masked full register access packed dataoperation. In some embodiments, the masked full register access packeddata operation of FIG. 7 may be used to implement the partial registeraccess instruction and/or operation of FIG. 6.

The masked full register access packed data operation may use a firstwider source packed data 723-1 having a first narrower source packeddata 722-1 indicated by the partial register access instruction, and asecond wider source packed data 723-2 having a second narrower sourcepacked data 722-2 indicated by the partial register access instruction.In the illustrated embodiment, each of the first and second wider sourcepacked data are 512-bits wide and have sixteen 32-bit data elements, andeach of the first and second narrower source packed data are 128-bitswide and have four 32-bit data elements, although the scope of theinvention is not so limited. In the illustration, the first wider sourcepacked data has, from the least significant position (on the right), tothe most significant position (on the left), the values A1, A2, A3, A4,A5, A6 . . . A16. In the illustration, the second wider source packeddata has, from the least significant position (on the right), to themost significant position (on the left), the values B1, B2, B3, B4, B5,B6 . . . B16. Source data elements in the same relative bit positionswithin the two source packed data (e.g., in the same vertical positionsas illustrated) represent pairs of corresponding data elements. In otherembodiments, any other appropriate wider and narrower source packed datawidths may be used instead (e.g., 128-bit, 256-bit, or 1024-bit widerwidths, with 32-bit, 64-bit, 128-bit, or 256-bit narrower widths).Moreover, in other embodiments, other data elements widths besides32-bits may optionally be used, such as, for example, 8-bit byte, 16-bitword, or 64-bit doubleword or double precision floating point, to name afew examples.

The masked full register access packed data operation may also use asource packed data operation mask 708. As shown in the illustration,commonly each mask element may be a single bit. Alternatively, ifselecting between more than two different options is desired, then twoor more bits may be used for each mask element. As also shown, there maybe one mask element, in this case a single bit, for each pair ofcorresponding source data elements and/or for each result data element.In the illustrated embodiment, since there are sixteen pairs ofcorresponding data elements in the first and second source packed data,the packed data operation mask includes sixteen mask elements or bits.Each of the sixteen mask bits may correspond to a different result dataelement of a packed data result in the wider destination operand 725. Inthe illustration, the corresponding data elements and theircorresponding mask bits are in vertical alignment relative with oneanother. Each of the mask bits is either set to binary one (i.e., 1) oris cleared to binary zero (i.e., 0). The mask bits set to binary one(i.e., 1) represent un-masked bits, whereas the mask bits cleared tobinary zero (i.e., 0) represent masked bits.

A 512-bit result packed data is stored in the wider destination operand725 in response to the masked full register access packed dataoperation. In some embodiments, the 512-bit result packed data is storedin the wider destination operand (e.g., a 512-bit register) through afull register write or store. In some embodiments, the 512-bit resultpacked data and/or the wider destination operand 725 includes a narrower128-bit destination operand 724 indicated by the corresponding partialregister access instruction. In this particular example, the masked fullregister access packed data operation is a masked packed data additionoperation that conditionally stores sums of corresponding pairs of dataelements from the first and second wider source packed data as a resultpacked data in the wider destination operand 725 based on thepredication from the corresponding mask bits of the packed dataoperation mask 708. When a given mask bit is set (i.e., 1), then a sumof a pair of corresponding source data elements is allowed to be storedin the corresponding result data element. Conversely, when a given maskbit is cleared (i.e., 0), then a sum of a pair of corresponding sourcedata elements is not allowed to be stored in the corresponding resultdata element. Rather, in some embodiments, the original/starting valuein that result data element may be retained or preserved unchanged.

In some embodiments, mask elements that correspond to result dataelements in the wider destination operand, but not in the narrowerdestination operand, may all be deliberately masked out. In someembodiments, all mask elements that corresponding to result dataelements in the narrower destination operand, but not in the widerdestination operand, may all be unmasked (e.g., unless the partialregister access instruction itself uses predication to mask out some ofthese result data elements). For example, a same number of lowest orderor least significant mask bits as result data elements in the narrowerdestination operand may be set to binary one, whereas a same number ofhighest-order or most-significant mask bits as result data elements inthe wider destination operand but not in the narrower destinationoperand may be cleared to binary zero. Referring again to theillustrated embodiment, the source packed data operation mask has, fromthe least significant position (on the right), to the most significantposition (on the left), the values 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 . . . 0. That is,the four lowest order mask bits are set, whereas the twelve highestorder mask bits are cleared. The mask bits may be dynamically determinedat execution time whereas the partial register accesses are generallystatically fixed at compile time. For each of the mask bits that is set,a sum may be stored in a corresponding result data element. For example,as shown, the lowest order four result data elements store the valuesA1+B1, A2+B2, A3+B3, and A4+B4. In this embodiment, all data elementswithin the lower-order 128-bit portion of the 512-bit operands, whichpertain to the original partial register access instruction/operation(e.g., the instruction/operation of FIG. 6), are all unmasked.

Conversely, all higher order data elements in bits 511:128 are allmasked out, since they do not pertain to the original partial registeraccess instruction/operation which only used 128-bit operands. For eachof the mask bits that are cleared, another value besides a sum may bestored in the corresponding result data element. For example, in someembodiments where a source is reused as a destination, merging-maskingmay be performed in which a corresponding value of a data element from awider source packed data may be stored in a given masked out result dataelement. For example, as shown in the illustration, the values A5through A16 from bits 511:128 of the first wider source packed data maybe stored in bits 511:128 of the wider destination operand.Alternatively, in another embodiment, the values B5 through B16 may bestored in bits 511:128 of the wider destination operand. In otherembodiments, if the destination is a different register than the sourceregisters, the original contents in the masked out result data elementsof the destination may be retained or left unchanged. Advantageously,these cleared most-significant mask bits may be used to mask out thatportion of the wider 512-bit register not needed for the originalpartial register access instruction (e.g., the instruction/operation ofFIG. 6) which used only 128-bit operands.

The mask bits may be implemented in different ways. As one example, insome embodiments, a selection operation may be performed in which eitherthe result of the operation is selected to be written to thecorresponding result data element, or the original value of thecorresponding result data element in the destination (i.e., theoriginal/starting contents) may be selected to be written back to thecorresponding result data element. As another example, in otherembodiments, a conditional write may be performed in which a mask bitconditions whether or not a result of the operation is to be written tothe corresponding result data element or no write is to be performedthereby leaving the result data element with its original/startingcontents.

It is to be appreciated that this is just one illustrative example of asuitable masked full register access packed data operation on wideroperands that may be used to implement a partial register access packeddata instruction indicating narrower operands. Other operations on twosource packed data, such as, for example, subtraction, multiplication,division, packed comparisons, and the like, are also suitable. Stillother suitable operations involve single source packed data operands.Examples include, but are not limited to, packed shifts, packed rotates,packed magnitude scaling, packed reciprocal square root, and the like.Still other suitable operations include operations on more than twosource packed data, source packed data of different sizes, source packeddata of different numbers of data elements, operations performed in ahorizontal or non-vertically aligned fashion, partly scalar and partlypacked operations, and still other operations know in the arts.

In other embodiments, partial register access instructions/operationsand/or the corresponding masked full register access packed dataoperations used to implement them, may operate on intermediate bits in aregister. For example, the intermediate bits may represent a contiguousrange of bits (e.g., one or more packed data elements) between a leastsignificant range of bits (e.g., one or more packed data elements) and amost significant range of bits (e.g., one or more packed data elements).

FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating a partial register accessoperation 803, which may be performed on narrower operands that areoverlaid on wider operands, in response to a partial register accessinstruction. The partial register access instruction may specify orotherwise indicate a first narrower source packed data 822-1, mayspecify or otherwise indicate a second narrower source packed data822-2, and may specify or otherwise indicate a narrower destinationoperand 824 (e.g., a storage location) where a result packed data may bestored. In the illustrated example, each of the first narrower sourceoperand, the second narrower source operand, and the narrowerdestination operand are 128-bits wide and include two 64-bit dataelements, although the scope of the invention is not so limited. In theillustration, the first narrower source packed data has, from the leastsignificant position (on the right), to the most significant position(on the left), the values A1 and A2. Similarly, the second narrowersource packed data has, from the least significant position (on theright), to the most significant position (on the left), the values B1and B2. Other examples may use other packed data widths (e.g., 64-bit,256-bit, 512-bit, etc.) with either narrower (e.g., 8-bit, 16-bit, etc.)or wider (e.g., 64-bit) data elements.

The narrower 128-bit operands are stored in wider registers. In theillustration, the wider registers are 256-bit registers. In particular,the first narrower source packed data 822-1 is stored in a first 256-bitregister 807-1, the second narrower source packed data 822-2 is storedin a second 256-bit register 807-2, and the narrower destination operand824 is stored in a third 256-bit register 807-3. In other embodiments,other register widths may be used, such as, for example, 512-bitregisters or 1024-bit registers. Bits 255:128 of the first 256-bitregister store values A3 and A4. Similarly, bits 255:128 of the second256-bit register store values B3 and B4.

A result packed data is generated and stored in the narrower destinationoperand 824 in response to the instruction/operation. In the illustratedexample, the result packed data is 128-bits wide and includes two dataelements. A lowest order data element in bits 63:0 includes the value A1of the corresponding data element from the first source packed data. Inthis case, no addition operation was performed to generate this dataelement. A higher order data element in bits 127:64 includes a sum A2+B2which represents the sum of the pair of corresponding data elements fromthe first and second source packed data. Since the 128-bit first andsecond narrower source packed data 822-1, 822-2 are only part of thewider first and second 256-bit registers 807-1, 807-2, accessing thenarrower source operands may involve partial register reads. Moreover,since the narrower 128-bit result packed data and/or the narrower128-bit destination operand are only part of the wider third 256-bitregister 807-3, storing the result may involve a partial register write.For example, in some embodiments, the first 256-bit register may bereused as the destination operand, and the sum A2+B2 may be stored inbits 127:64 of this 256-bit register without overwriting otherpreexisting contents of this register (e.g., without overwriting A1, A3,and A4). This may involve a partial register write. In some embodiments,it may be desirable to avoid, or at least reduce, the number of suchpartial register accesses.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an example embodiment of a masked fullregister access packed data operation 940 on wider operands that may beperformed in response to a partial register access packed datainstruction indicating narrower operands. In some embodiments, aprocessor or a portion thereof (e.g., a decode unit) may map the partialregister access packed data instruction to the masked full registeraccess packed data operation in order to replace one or more partialregister accesses that would be performed by the partial register accesspacked data instruction with one or more corresponding full registeraccesses performed by the masked full register access packed dataoperation. In some embodiments, the masked full register access packeddata operation of FIG. 9 may be used to implement the partial registeraccess instruction and/or operation of FIG. 8.

The masked full register access packed data operation may use a firstwider source packed data 923-1 having a first narrower source packeddata 922-1 indicated by the partial register access instruction, and asecond wider source packed data 923-2 having a second narrower sourcepacked data 922-2 indicated by the partial register access instruction.In the illustrated embodiment, each of the first and second wider sourcepacked data are 256-bits wide and have four 64-bit data elements, andeach of the first and second narrower source packed data are 128-bitswide and have two 64-bit data elements, although the scope of theinvention is not so limited. In the illustration, the first wider sourcepacked data has, from the least significant position (on the right), tothe most significant position (on the left), the values A1, A2, A3, andA4. In the illustration, the second wider source packed data has, fromthe least significant position (on the right), to the most significantposition (on the left), the values B1, B2, B3, and B4. In otherembodiments, any other appropriate wider and narrower source packed datawidths may be used instead. Moreover, in other embodiments, other dataelements widths may optionally be used.

The masked full register access packed data operation may also use asource packed data operation mask 908. In the illustrated embodiment,since there are four data elements in the destination operand, there arefour corresponding mask bits. In this example, the source packed dataoperation mask has, from the least significant position (on the right),to the most significant position (on the left), the values 0, 1, 0, 0.

A 256-bit result packed data is stored in the wider destination operand925 in response to the masked full register access packed dataoperation. In some embodiments, the 256-bit result packed data is storedin the wider destination operand (e.g., a 256-bit register) through afull register write or store. In some embodiments, the 256-bit resultpacked data and/or the wider destination operand 925 includes a narrower128-bit destination operand 924 indicated by the corresponding partialregister access instruction. As shown, only a single sum may be storedin the 256-bit result packed data. Namely, a sum A2+B2 may be stored inbits 127:64 of the destination operand 925. Only the single mask bitcorresponding to bits 127:64 of the destination operand 925 where thesum A2+B2 is to be stored is set. All other mask bits are cleared. Foreach of the cleared mask bits, a value of a corresponding data elementfrom the first wider source packed data 923-1 is stored in thedestination operand 925. In particular, the value A1 is stored in bits63:0 of the destination operand, the value A3 is stored in bits 191:128of the destination operand, and the value A4 is stored in bits 255:192of the destination operand. These other mask bits are masked out sincethey do not pertain to the single sum A2+B2 according to the originalpartial register access instruction/operation. Advantageously, thesecleared most-significant mask bits may be used to mask out that portionof the wider 256-bit register not needed for the original partialregister access instruction (e.g., the instruction/operation of FIG. 8)and allow a full register access instead of a partial register access tobe performed. As before, many other arithmetic and/or logical operationsare also suitable.

FIGS. 6-7 show an embodiment where the narrower operands occupy theleast significant bits of the wider operands. FIGS. 8-9 show anembodiment where the narrower operands, or at least the portions of thenarrower operands of interest, occupy intermediate portions between theleast and most significant ends of the wider operands. In still otherembodiments, the narrower operands may occupy the most significantportions of the wider operands. In still other embodiments, acombination of such positions may optionally be used.

In the examples described above, the partial register accessinstructions/operations operated on corresponding pairs of data elements(i.e., those in corresponding relative bit positions within the firstand second source operands). In the illustrations, those correspondingpairs of data elements were vertically aligned. In other embodiments,partial register access instructions/operations may operate on at leastsome non-corresponding data elements (i.e., those that are not incorresponding relative bit positions within the first and second sourceoperands). Such non-corresponding data elements may be said to beunaligned. In some embodiments, a shift, shuffle, permute, or other datarearrangement operation, may be performed to help alignnon-corresponding data elements, so that they are inaligned/corresponding relative bit positions in the first and secondsource operands, so that vertical SIMD operations may be performed onthe aligned/corresponding data elements in the first and second sourceoperands by a masked full register access packed data operation used toimplement the partial register access instruction/operation. In someembodiments, the data rearrangement operation may be used to align afirst operand, or one or more data elements from the first operand, witha second operand, or one or more data elements from the second operand,and/or with a destination operand, or one or more data elements from thedestination operand. In some embodiments, the data rearrangementoperation may be determined by a decoder upon decoding the partialregister access packed data instruction and determining to implement thepartial register access packed data instruction through the datarearrangement operation and the masked full register access packed dataoperation.

FIGS. 10 and 11 described below have certain similarities to previouslydescribed FIGS. 8 and 9, respectively. To avoid obscuring thedescription, the discussion below will tend to emphasize the new ordifferent features and/or aspects of FIGS. 10 and 11 without repeatingall the features and/or aspects that may optionally be the same orsimilar. However, it is to be appreciated that the optional featuresand/or aspects and variations previously described for FIGS. 8 and 9 aregenerally also applicable to FIGS. 10 and 11, unless otherwise stated,or otherwise clearly apparent.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating a partial register accessoperation 1003, which may be performed on non-corresponding and/orunaligned data elements of narrower operands overlaid on wider operands,in response to a partial register access instruction. The partialregister access instruction may specify or otherwise indicate a firstnarrower source packed data 1022-1, a second narrower source packed data1022-2, and a narrower destination operand 1024. In the illustratedexample, each of the first narrower source operand, the second narrowersource operand, and the narrower destination operand are 128-bits wideand include two 64-bit data elements, although the scope of theinvention is not so limited. In the illustration, the first narrowersource packed data has, the values A1 and A2. Similarly, the secondnarrower source packed data has, the values B1 and B2. The firstnarrower source packed data 1022-1 is stored in a first wider 256-bitregister 1007-1, the second narrower source packed data 1022-2 is storedin a second wider 256-bit register 1007-2, and the narrower destinationoperand 1024 is stored in a third wider 256-bit register 1007-3. Bits255:128 of the first wider 256-bit register store values A3 and A4.Similarly, bits 255:128 of the second wider 256-bit register storevalues B3 and B4.

A result packed data is generated and stored in the narrower destinationoperand 1024 in response to the instruction/operation. In theillustrated example, the result packed data is 128-bits wide andincludes two data elements. A lowest order data element in bits 63:0includes the value A1 of the corresponding data element from the firstsource packed data. In this case, no addition operation was performed togenerate this data element. A higher order data element in bits 127:64includes a sum A2+B1. Notice that this is a sum of non-correspondingdata elements in the first and second narrower source packed data. Inparticular, the data element A2 in bits 127:64 of the first narrowersource packed data is added to the data element B1 in bits 63:0 of thesecond narrower source packed data. The data elements A2 and B1 occupynon-corresponding or unaligned bit positions in the first and secondsource packed data.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an example embodiment of a masked fullregister access packed data operation 1140, which may be performed oncorresponding and/or aligned data elements of wider operands, which maybe performed in response to a partial register access packed datainstruction indicating operations on non-corresponding and/or unaligneddata elements of narrower operands. In some embodiments, a processor ora portion thereof (e.g., a decode unit) may map the partial registeraccess packed data instruction to the masked full register access packeddata operation in order to replace one or more partial register accessesthat would be performed by the partial register access packed datainstruction with one or more corresponding full register accessesperformed by the masked full register access packed data operation. Insome embodiments, the masked full register access packed data operationinvolving the corresponding and/or aligned data elements of FIG. 11 maybe used to implement the partial register access instruction and/oroperation involving the non-corresponding and/or unaligned data elementsof FIG. 10.

The masked full register access packed data operation may use a firstwider source packed data 1123-1 having a first narrower source packeddata 1122-1 indicated by the partial register access instruction, and asecond wider source packed data 1123-2 having a second narrower sourcepacked data 1122-2 indicated by the partial register access instruction.In the illustrated embodiment, each of the first and second wider sourcepacked data are 256-bits wide and have four 64-bit data elements, andeach of the first and second narrower source packed data are 128-bitswide and have two 64-bit data elements, although the scope of theinvention is not so limited. In the illustration, the first wider sourcepacked data has the values A1, A2, A3, and A4. The second wider sourcepacked data has the values B1, B2, B3, and B4. In other embodiments, anyother appropriate wider and narrower source packed data widths and/orany other appropriate data element widths may optionally be usedinstead.

In some embodiments, a shift, shuffle, permute, or other datarearrangement operation, may be performed to help alignnon-corresponding and/or unaligned data elements indicated to beoperated on by a partial register access instruction so that they may beoperated on in an aligned fashion by a masked full register accesspacked data operation on wider operands. For example, a shift, shuffle,permute, or other data rearrangement operation may be performed to helpalign the non-corresponding and/or unaligned data elements A2 and B1 ofthe partial register access packed data instruction/operation of FIG. 10prior to the masked full register access packed data operation of FIG.11. As shown, in the illustrated embodiment, the second wider sourcepacked data 1123-2 may be shifted by 64-bits so that the data elementhaving the value B1 is in bits 127:64 of the second wider source packeddata instead of in bits 63:0 of the second wider source packed data.Now, the values A2 and B1 are in corresponding data elements incorresponding bit positions and/or are aligned relative to one another.Advantageously, this may allow a vertical-type SIMD operation (e.g., apacked addition) to be performed. In other embodiments, instead of ashift, other data rearrangement operations may be performed, such as,for example, a rotate, a shuffle, a permute, or various other datarearrangement operations know in the art and suitable for the particularrearrangement needed to achieve alignment.

For some partial register access instructions/operations (e.g., thoseshown in FIGS. 6 and 8), no alignment or data rearrangement operationmay be needed. In some embodiments, if the processor uses such analignment or data rearrangement operation, then the alignment or datarearrangement operation may be nullified when it is not needed. Forexample, instead of an actual shift, a shift by zero bits may beperformed. As another example, a shuffle or permute operation mayshuffle or permute data elements to their original starting positions.

The masked full register access packed data operation may also use asource packed data operation mask 1108. In the illustrated embodiment,since there are four data elements in the destination operand, there arefour corresponding mask bits. In this example, the source packed dataoperation mask has, from the least significant position (on the right),to the most significant position (on the left), the values 0, 1, 0, 0.

A 256-bit result packed data is stored in the wider 256-bit destinationoperand 1125 in response to the masked full register access packed dataoperation. In some embodiments, the 256-bit result packed data is storedin the wider destination operand (e.g., a 256-bit register) through afull register write or store. In some embodiments, the 256-bit resultpacked data and/or the wider destination operand 1125 includes anarrower 128-bit destination operand 1124 indicated by the correspondingpartial register access instruction. As shown, only a single sum may bestored in the 256-bit result packed data. Namely, a sum A2+B1 may bestored in bits 127:64 of the destination operand 1125. Only the singlemask bit corresponding to bits 127:64 of the destination operand 1125where the sum A2+B1 is to be stored is set. All other mask bits arecleared. For each of the cleared mask bits, a value of a correspondingdata element from the first wider source packed data 1123-1 is stored inthe destination operand 1125. In particular, the value A1 is stored inbits 63:0 of the destination operand, the value A3 is stored in bits191:128 of the destination operand, and the value A4 is stored in bits255:192 of the destination operand. These other mask bits are masked outsince they do not pertain to the single sum A2+B1 according to theoriginal partial register access instruction/operation. Advantageously,these cleared most-significant mask bits may be used to mask out thatportion of the wider 256-bit register not needed for the originalpartial register access instruction (e.g., the instruction/operation ofFIG. 10) and allow a full register access instead of a partial registeraccess to be performed. As before, many other arithmetic and/or logicaloperations besides addition are also/alternatively suitable.

FIG. 12 is a table 1250 illustrating that the number of packed dataoperation mask bits depends upon the packed data width and the packeddata element width. Packed data widths of 128-bits, 256-bits, and512-bits are shown, although other widths are also possible. Packed dataelement widths of 8-bit bytes, 16-bit words, 32-bit doublewords (dwords)or single precision floating point, and 64-bit quadwords (Qwords) ordouble precision floating point are considered, although other widthsare also possible. As shown, when the packed data width is 128-bits,16-bits may be used for masking when the packed data element width is8-bits, 8-bits may be used for masking when the packed data elementwidth is 16-bits, 4-bits may be used for masking when the packed dataelement width is 32-bits, and 2-bits may be used for masking when thepacked data element width is 64-bits. When the packed data width is256-bits, 32-bits may be used for masking when the packed data elementwidth is 8-bits, 16-bits may be used for masking when the packed dataelement width is 16-bits, 8-bits may be used for masking when the packeddata element width is 32-bits, and 4-bits may be used for masking whenthe packed data element width is 64-bits. When the packed data width is512-bits, 64-bits may be used for masking when the packed data elementwidth is 8-bits, 32-bits may be used for masking when the packed dataelement width is 16-bits, 16-bits may be used for masking when thepacked data element width is 32-bits, and 8-bits may be used for maskingwhen the packed data element width is 64-bits.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of an example embodiment of a suitable set ofpacked data operation mask registers 1308. Each of the packed dataoperation mask registers may be used to store a packed data operationmask. In the illustrated embodiment, the set includes eight packed dataoperation mask registers labeled k0 through k7. Alternate embodimentsmay include either fewer than eight (e.g., two, four, seven, etc.) ormore than eight (e.g., ten, sixteen, thirty-two, etc.) packed dataoperation mask registers. In the illustrated embodiment, each of thepacked data operation mask registers is 64-bits. In alternateembodiments, the widths of the packed data operation mask registers maybe either wider than 64-bits (e.g., 128-bits, etc.) or narrower than64-bits (e.g., 8-bits, 16-bits, 32-bits, etc). The packed data operationmask registers may be implemented in different ways using well knowntechniques and are not limited to any known particular type of circuit.In some embodiments, the packed data operation mask registers may be aseparate, dedicated set of architectural registers. In some embodiments,the instructions may encode or specify the packed data operation maskregisters in bits or a field. By way of example, predicated instructionmay use three bits (e.g., a 3-bit field) to encode or specify any one ofeight packed data operation mask registers. In alternate embodiments,either fewer or more bits may be used when there are fewer or morepacked data operation mask registers, respectively.

FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating an example embodiment of a packed dataoperation mask register 1408 and showing that the number of bits thatare used as a packed data operation mask and/or for masking may dependon packed data width and data element width. The illustrated maskregister is 64-bits wide, although this is not required. Depending uponthe packed data and data element widths, either all 64-bits, or only asubset of the 64-bits, may be used for masking. Generally, when a singleper-element mask bit is used, the number of mask bits used for maskingis equal to the packed data width divided by the packed data elementwidth. Several illustrative examples are shown for 512-bit width packeddata. Namely, when the packed data width is 512-bits and the dataelement width is 64-bits, then only 8-bits (e.g., the lowest-order8-bits) of the register are used for masking. When the packed data widthis 512-bits and the data element width is 32-bits, then only 16-bits areused for masking. When the packed data width is 512-bits and the dataelement width is 16-bits, then only 32-bits are used for masking. Whenthe packed data width is 512-bits and the data element width is 8-bits,then all 64-bits are used for masking. A predicated instruction mayaccess and/or utilize only the subset of bits (e.g., the lowest order orleast significant subset of bits) needed for masking based on thatinstructions associated packed data and data element widths. In theillustrated embodiment, the lowest-order subset or portion of theregister is used for masking, although this is not required. Inalternate embodiments a highest-order subset, or some other subset, mayoptionally be used. Moreover, in the illustrated embodiment, only a512-bit packed data width is considered, however the same principleapplies for other packed data widths, such as, for example, 256-bit and128-bit widths.

Exemplary Core Architectures, Processors, and Computer Architectures

Processor cores may be implemented in different ways, for differentpurposes, and in different processors. For instance, implementations ofsuch cores may include: 1) a general purpose in-order core intended forgeneral-purpose computing; 2) a high performance general purposeout-of-order core intended for general-purpose computing; 3) a specialpurpose core intended primarily for graphics and/or scientific(throughput) computing. Implementations of different processors mayinclude: 1) a CPU including one or more general purpose in-order coresintended for general-purpose computing and/or one or more generalpurpose out-of-order cores intended for general-purpose computing; and2) a coprocessor including one or more special purpose cores intendedprimarily for graphics and/or scientific (throughput). Such differentprocessors lead to different computer system architectures, which mayinclude: 1) the coprocessor on a separate chip from the CPU; 2) thecoprocessor on a separate die in the same package as a CPU; 3) thecoprocessor on the same die as a CPU (in which case, such a coprocessoris sometimes referred to as special purpose logic, such as integratedgraphics and/or scientific (throughput) logic, or as special purposecores); and 4) a system on a chip that may include on the same die thedescribed CPU (sometimes referred to as the application core(s) orapplication processor(s)), the above described coprocessor, andadditional functionality. Exemplary core architectures are describednext, followed by descriptions of exemplary processors and computerarchitectures.

Exemplary Core Architectures

in-Order and Out-of-Order Core Block Diagram

FIG. 15A is a block diagram illustrating both an exemplary in-orderpipeline and an exemplary register renaming, out-of-orderissue/execution pipeline according to embodiments of the invention. FIG.15B is a block diagram illustrating both an exemplary embodiment of anin-order architecture core and an exemplary register renaming,out-of-order issue/execution architecture core to be included in aprocessor according to embodiments of the invention. The solid linedboxes in FIGS. 15A-B illustrate the in-order pipeline and in-order core,while the optional addition of the dashed lined boxes illustrates theregister renaming, out-of-order issue/execution pipeline and core. Giventhat the in-order aspect is a subset of the out-of-order aspect, theout-of-order aspect will be described.

In FIG. 15A, a processor pipeline 1500 includes a fetch stage 1502, alength decode stage 1504, a decode stage 1506, an allocation stage 1508,a renaming stage 1510, a scheduling (also known as a dispatch or issue)stage 1512, a register read/memory read stage 1514, an execute stage1516, a write back/memory write stage 1518, an exception handling stage1522, and a commit stage 1524.

FIG. 15B shows processor core 1590 including a front end unit 1530coupled to an execution engine unit 1550, and both are coupled to amemory unit 1570. The core 1590 may be a reduced instruction setcomputing (RISC) core, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) core,a very long instruction word (VLIW) core, or a hybrid or alternativecore type. As yet another option, the core 1590 may be a special-purposecore, such as, for example, a network or communication core, compressionengine, coprocessor core, general purpose computing graphics processingunit (GPGPU) core, graphics core, or the like.

The front end unit 1530 includes a branch prediction unit 1532 coupledto an instruction cache unit 1534, which is coupled to an instructiontranslation lookaside buffer (TLB) 1536, which is coupled to aninstruction fetch unit 1538, which is coupled to a decode unit 1540. Thedecode unit 1540 (or decoder) may decode instructions, and generate asan output one or more micro-operations, micro-code entry points,microinstructions, other instructions, or other control signals, whichare decoded from, or which otherwise reflect, or are derived from, theoriginal instructions. The decode unit 1540 may be implemented usingvarious different mechanisms. Examples of suitable mechanisms include,but are not limited to, look-up tables, hardware implementations,programmable logic arrays (PLAs), microcode read only memories (ROMs),etc. In one embodiment, the core 1590 includes a microcode ROM or othermedium that stores microcode for certain macroinstructions (e.g., indecode unit 1540 or otherwise within the front end unit 1530). Thedecode unit 1540 is coupled to a rename/allocator unit 1552 in theexecution engine unit 1550.

The execution engine unit 1550 includes the rename/allocator unit 1552coupled to a retirement unit 1554 and a set of one or more schedulerunit(s) 1556. The scheduler unit(s) 1556 represents any number ofdifferent schedulers, including reservations stations, centralinstruction window, etc. The scheduler unit(s) 1556 is coupled to thephysical register file(s) unit(s) 1558. Each of the physical registerfile(s) units 1558 represents one or more physical register files,different ones of which store one or more different data types, such asscalar integer, scalar floating point, packed integer, packed floatingpoint, vector integer, vector floating point, status (e.g., aninstruction pointer that is the address of the next instruction to beexecuted), etc. In one embodiment, the physical register file(s) unit1558 comprises a vector registers unit, a write mask registers unit, anda scalar registers unit. These register units may provide architecturalvector registers, vector mask registers, and general purpose registers.The physical register file(s) unit(s) 1558 is overlapped by theretirement unit 1554 to illustrate various ways in which registerrenaming and out-of-order execution may be implemented (e.g., using areorder buffer(s) and a retirement register file(s); using a futurefile(s), a history buffer(s), and a retirement register file(s); using aregister maps and a pool of registers; etc.). The retirement unit 1554and the physical register file(s) unit(s) 1558 are coupled to theexecution cluster(s) 1560. The execution cluster(s) 1560 includes a setof one or more execution units 1562 and a set of one or more memoryaccess units 1564. The execution units 1562 may perform variousoperations (e.g., shifts, addition, subtraction, multiplication) and onvarious types of data (e.g., scalar floating point, packed integer,packed floating point, vector integer, vector floating point). Whilesome embodiments may include a number of execution units dedicated tospecific functions or sets of functions, other embodiments may includeonly one execution unit or multiple execution units that all perform allfunctions. The scheduler unit(s) 1556, physical register file(s) unit(s)1558, and execution cluster(s) 1560 are shown as being possibly pluralbecause certain embodiments create separate pipelines for certain typesof data/operations (e.g., a scalar integer pipeline, a scalar floatingpoint/packed integer/packed floating point/vector integer/vectorfloating point pipeline, and/or a memory access pipeline that each havetheir own scheduler unit, physical register file(s) unit, and/orexecution cluster—and in the case of a separate memory access pipeline,certain embodiments are implemented in which only the execution clusterof this pipeline has the memory access unit(s) 1564). It should also beunderstood that where separate pipelines are used, one or more of thesepipelines may be out-of-order issue/execution and the rest in-order.

The set of memory access units 1564 is coupled to the memory unit 1570,which includes a data TLB unit 1572 coupled to a data cache unit 1574coupled to a level 2 (L2) cache unit 1576. In one exemplary embodiment,the memory access units 1564 may include a load unit, a store addressunit, and a store data unit, each of which is coupled to the data TLBunit 1572 in the memory unit 1570. The instruction cache unit 1534 isfurther coupled to a level 2 (L2) cache unit 1576 in the memory unit1570. The L2 cache unit 1576 is coupled to one or more other levels ofcache and eventually to a main memory.

By way of example, the exemplary register renaming, out-of-orderissue/execution core architecture may implement the pipeline 1500 asfollows: 1) the instruction fetch 1538 performs the fetch and lengthdecoding stages 1502 and 1504; 2) the decode unit 1540 performs thedecode stage 1506; 3) the rename/allocator unit 1552 performs theallocation stage 1508 and renaming stage 1510; 4) the scheduler unit(s)1556 performs the schedule stage 1512; 5) the physical register file(s)unit(s) 1558 and the memory unit 1570 perform the register read/memoryread stage 1514; the execution cluster 1560 perform the execute stage1516; 6) the memory unit 1570 and the physical register file(s) unit(s)1558 perform the write back/memory write stage 1518; 7) various unitsmay be involved in the exception handling stage 1522; and 8) theretirement unit 1554 and the physical register file(s) unit(s) 1558perform the commit stage 1524.

The core 1590 may support one or more instructions sets (e.g., the x86instruction set (with some extensions that have been added with newerversions); the MIPS instruction set of MIPS Technologies of Sunnyvale,Calif.; the ARM instruction set (with optional additional extensionssuch as NEON) of ARM Holdings of Sunnyvale, Calif.), including theinstruction(s) described herein. In one embodiment, the core 1590includes logic to support a packed data instruction set extension (e.g.,AVX1, AVX2), thereby allowing the operations used by many multimediaapplications to be performed using packed data.

It should be understood that the core may support multithreading(executing two or more parallel sets of operations or threads), and maydo so in a variety of ways including time sliced multithreading,simultaneous multithreading (where a single physical core provides alogical core for each of the threads that physical core issimultaneously multithreading), or a combination thereof (e.g., timesliced fetching and decoding and simultaneous multithreading thereaftersuch as in the Intel® Hyperthreading technology).

While register renaming is described in the context of out-of-orderexecution, it should be understood that register renaming may be used inan in-order architecture. While the illustrated embodiment of theprocessor also includes separate instruction and data cache units1534/1574 and a shared L2 cache unit 1576, alternative embodiments mayhave a single internal cache for both instructions and data, such as,for example, a Level 1 (L1) internal cache, or multiple levels ofinternal cache. In some embodiments, the system may include acombination of an internal cache and an external cache that is externalto the core and/or the processor. Alternatively, all of the cache may beexternal to the core and/or the processor.

Specific Exemplary in-Order Core Architecture

FIGS. 16A-B illustrate a block diagram of a more specific exemplaryin-order core architecture, which core would be one of several logicblocks (including other cores of the same type and/or different types)in a chip. The logic blocks communicate through a high-bandwidthinterconnect network (e.g., a ring network) with some fixed functionlogic, memory I/O interfaces, and other necessary I/O logic, dependingon the application.

FIG. 16A is a block diagram of a single processor core, along with itsconnection to the on-die interconnect network 1602 and with its localsubset of the Level 2 (L2) cache 1604, according to embodiments of theinvention. In one embodiment, an instruction decoder 1600 supports thex86 instruction set with a packed data instruction set extension. An L1cache 1606 allows low-latency accesses to cache memory into the scalarand vector units. While in one embodiment (to simplify the design), ascalar unit 1608 and a vector unit 1610 use separate register sets(respectively, scalar registers 1612 and vector registers 1614) and datatransferred between them is written to memory and then read back in froma level 1 (L1) cache 1606, alternative embodiments of the invention mayuse a different approach (e.g., use a single register set or include acommunication path that allow data to be transferred between the tworegister files without being written and read back).

The local subset of the L2 cache 1604 is part of a global L2 cache thatis divided into separate local subsets, one per processor core. Eachprocessor core has a direct access path to its own local subset of theL2 cache 1604. Data read by a processor core is stored in its L2 cachesubset 1604 and can be accessed quickly, in parallel with otherprocessor cores accessing their own local L2 cache subsets. Data writtenby a processor core is stored in its own L2 cache subset 1604 and isflushed from other subsets, if necessary. The ring network ensurescoherency for shared data. The ring network is bi-directional to allowagents such as processor cores, L2 caches and other logic blocks tocommunicate with each other within the chip. Each ring data-path is1012-bits wide per direction.

FIG. 16B is an expanded view of part of the processor core in FIG. 16Aaccording to embodiments of the invention. FIG. 16B includes an L1 datacache 1606A part of the L1 cache 1604, as well as more detail regardingthe vector unit 1610 and the vector registers 1614. Specifically, thevector unit 1610 is a 16-wide vector processing unit (VPU) (see the16-wide ALU 1628), which executes one or more of integer,single-precision float, and double-precision float instructions. The VPUsupports swizzling the register inputs with swizzle unit 1620, numericconversion with numeric convert units 1622A-B, and replication withreplication unit 1624 on the memory input. Write mask registers 1626allow predicating resulting vector writes.

Processor with Integrated Memory Controller and Graphics

FIG. 17 is a block diagram of a processor 1700 that may have more thanone core, may have an integrated memory controller, and may haveintegrated graphics according to embodiments of the invention. The solidlined boxes in FIG. 17 illustrate a processor 1700 with a single core1702A, a system agent 1710, a set of one or more bus controller units1716, while the optional addition of the dashed lined boxes illustratesan alternative processor 1700 with multiple cores 1702A-N, a set of oneor more integrated memory controller unit(s) 1714 in the system agentunit 1710, and special purpose logic 1708.

Thus, different implementations of the processor 1700 may include: 1) aCPU with the special purpose logic 1708 being integrated graphics and/orscientific (throughput) logic (which may include one or more cores), andthe cores 1702A-N being one or more general purpose cores (e.g., generalpurpose in-order cores, general purpose out-of-order cores, acombination of the two); 2) a coprocessor with the cores 1702A-N being alarge number of special purpose cores intended primarily for graphicsand/or scientific (throughput); and 3) a coprocessor with the cores1702A-N being a large number of general purpose in-order cores. Thus,the processor 1700 may be a general-purpose processor, coprocessor orspecial-purpose processor, such as, for example, a network orcommunication processor, compression engine, graphics processor, GPGPU(general purpose graphics processing unit), a high-throughput manyintegrated core (MIC) coprocessor (including 30 or more cores), embeddedprocessor, or the like. The processor may be implemented on one or morechips. The processor 1700 may be a part of and/or may be implemented onone or more substrates using any of a number of process technologies,such as, for example, BiCMOS, CMOS, or NMOS.

The memory hierarchy includes one or more levels of cache within thecores, a set or one or more shared cache units 1706, and external memory(not shown) coupled to the set of integrated memory controller units1714. The set of shared cache units 1706 may include one or moremid-level caches, such as level 2 (L2), level 3 (L3), level 4 (L4), orother levels of cache, a last level cache (LLC), and/or combinationsthereof. While in one embodiment a ring based interconnect unit 1712interconnects the integrated graphics logic 1708, the set of sharedcache units 1706, and the system agent unit 1710/integrated memorycontroller unit(s) 1714, alternative embodiments may use any number ofwell-known techniques for interconnecting such units. In one embodiment,coherency is maintained between one or more cache units 1706 and cores1702-A-N.

In some embodiments, one or more of the cores 1702A-N are capable ofmulti-threading. The system agent 1710 includes those componentscoordinating and operating cores 1702A-N. The system agent unit 1710 mayinclude for example a power control unit (PCU) and a display unit. ThePCU may be or include logic and components needed for regulating thepower state of the cores 1702A-N and the integrated graphics logic 1708.The display unit is for driving one or more externally connecteddisplays.

The cores 1702A-N may be homogenous or heterogeneous in terms ofarchitecture instruction set; that is, two or more of the cores 1702A-Nmay be capable of execution the same instruction set, while others maybe capable of executing only a subset of that instruction set or adifferent instruction set.

Exemplary Computer Architectures

FIGS. 18-21 are block diagrams of exemplary computer architectures.Other system designs and configurations known in the arts for laptops,desktops, handheld PCs, personal digital assistants, engineeringworkstations, servers, network devices, network hubs, switches, embeddedprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), graphics devices, videogame devices, set-top boxes, micro controllers, cell phones, portablemedia players, hand held devices, and various other electronic devices,are also suitable. In general, a huge variety of systems or electronicdevices capable of incorporating a processor and/or other executionlogic as disclosed herein are generally suitable.

Referring now to FIG. 18, shown is a block diagram of a system 1800 inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The system 1800may include one or more processors 1810, 1815, which are coupled to acontroller hub 1820. In one embodiment the controller hub 1820 includesa graphics memory controller hub (GMCH) 1890 and an Input/Output Hub(IOH) 1850 (which may be on separate chips); the GMCH 1890 includesmemory and graphics controllers to which are coupled memory 1840 and acoprocessor 1845; the IOH 1850 is couples input/output (I/O) devices1860 to the GMCH 1890. Alternatively, one or both of the memory andgraphics controllers are integrated within the processor (as describedherein), the memory 1840 and the coprocessor 1845 are coupled directlyto the processor 1810, and the controller hub 1820 in a single chip withthe IOH 1850.

The optional nature of additional processors 1815 is denoted in FIG. 18with broken lines. Each processor 1810, 1815 may include one or more ofthe processing cores described herein and may be some version of theprocessor 1700.

The memory 1840 may be, for example, dynamic random access memory(DRAM), phase change memory (PCM), or a combination of the two. For atleast one embodiment, the controller hub 1820 communicates with theprocessor(s) 1810, 1815 via a multi-drop bus, such as a frontside bus(FSB), point-to-point interface such as QuickPath Interconnect (QPI), orsimilar connection 1895.

In one embodiment, the coprocessor 1845 is a special-purpose processor,such as, for example, a high-throughput MIC processor, a network orcommunication processor, compression engine, graphics processor, GPGPU,embedded processor, or the like. In one embodiment, controller hub 1820may include an integrated graphics accelerator.

There can be a variety of differences between the physical resources1810, 1815 in terms of a spectrum of metrics of merit includingarchitectural, microarchitectural, thermal, power consumptioncharacteristics, and the like.

In one embodiment, the processor 1810 executes instructions that controldata processing operations of a general type. Embedded within theinstructions may be coprocessor instructions. The processor 1810recognizes these coprocessor instructions as being of a type that shouldbe executed by the attached coprocessor 1845. Accordingly, the processor1810 issues these coprocessor instructions (or control signalsrepresenting coprocessor instructions) on a coprocessor bus or otherinterconnect, to coprocessor 1845. Coprocessor(s) 1845 accept andexecute the received coprocessor instructions.

Referring now to FIG. 19, shown is a block diagram of a first morespecific exemplary system 1900 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention. As shown in FIG. 19, multiprocessor system 1900 is apoint-to-point interconnect system, and includes a first processor 1970and a second processor 1980 coupled via a point-to-point interconnect1950. Each of processors 1970 and 1980 may be some version of theprocessor 1700. In one embodiment of the invention, processors 1970 and1980 are respectively processors 1810 and 1815, while coprocessor 1938is coprocessor 1845. In another embodiment, processors 1970 and 1980 arerespectively processor 1810 coprocessor 1845.

Processors 1970 and 1980 are shown including integrated memorycontroller (IMC) units 1972 and 1982, respectively. Processor 1970 alsoincludes as part of its bus controller units point-to-point (P-P)interfaces 1976 and 1978; similarly, second processor 1980 includes P-Pinterfaces 1986 and 1988. Processors 1970, 1980 may exchange informationvia a point-to-point (P-P) interface 1950 using P-P interface circuits1978, 1988. As shown in FIG. 19, IMCs 1972 and 1982 couple theprocessors to respective memories, namely a memory 1932 and a memory1934, which may be portions of main memory locally attached to therespective processors.

Processors 1970, 1980 may each exchange information with a chipset 1990via individual P-P interfaces 1952, 1954 using point to point interfacecircuits 1976, 1994, 1986, 1998. Chipset 1990 may optionally exchangeinformation with the coprocessor 1938 via a high-performance interface1939. In one embodiment, the coprocessor 1938 is a special-purposeprocessor, such as, for example, a high-throughput MIC processor, anetwork or communication processor, compression engine, graphicsprocessor, GPGPU, embedded processor, or the like.

A shared cache (not shown) may be included in either processor oroutside of both processors, yet connected with the processors via P-Pinterconnect, such that either or both processors' local cacheinformation may be stored in the shared cache if a processor is placedinto a low power mode.

Chipset 1990 may be coupled to a first bus 1916 via an interface 1996.In one embodiment, first bus 1916 may be a Peripheral ComponentInterconnect (PCI) bus, or a bus such as a PCI Express bus or anotherthird generation I/O interconnect bus, although the scope of the presentinvention is not so limited.

As shown in FIG. 19, various I/O devices 1914 may be coupled to firstbus 1916, along with a bus bridge 1918 which couples first bus 1916 to asecond bus 1920. In one embodiment, one or more additional processor(s)1915, such as coprocessors, high-throughput MIC processors, GPGPU's,accelerators (such as, e.g., graphics accelerators or digital signalprocessing (DSP) units), field programmable gate arrays, or any otherprocessor, are coupled to first bus 1916. In one embodiment, second bus1920 may be a low pin count (LPC) bus. Various devices may be coupled toa second bus 1920 including, for example, a keyboard and/or mouse 1922,communication devices 1927 and a storage unit 1928 such as a disk driveor other mass storage device which may include instructions/code anddata 1930, in one embodiment. Further, an audio I/O 1924 may be coupledto the second bus 1920. Note that other architectures are possible. Forexample, instead of the point-to-point architecture of FIG. 19, a systemmay implement a multi-drop bus or other such architecture.

Referring now to FIG. 20, shown is a block diagram of a second morespecific exemplary system 2000 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention Like elements in FIGS. 19 and 20 bear like referencenumerals, and certain aspects of FIG. 19 have been omitted from FIG. 20in order to avoid obscuring other aspects of FIG. 20.

FIG. 20 illustrates that the processors 1970, 1980 may includeintegrated memory and I/O control logic (“CL”) 1972 and 1982,respectively. Thus, the CL 1972, 1982 include integrated memorycontroller units and include I/O control logic.

FIG. 20 illustrates that not only are the memories 1932, 1934 coupled tothe CL 1972, 1982, but also that I/O devices 2014 are also coupled tothe control logic 1972, 1982. Legacy I/O devices 2015 are coupled to thechipset 1990.

Referring now to FIG. 21, shown is a block diagram of a SoC 2100 inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Similar elementsin FIG. 17 bear like reference numerals. Also, dashed lined boxes areoptional features on more advanced SoCs. In FIG. 21, an interconnectunit(s) 2102 is coupled to: an application processor 2110 which includesa set of one or more cores 202A-N and shared cache unit(s) 1706; asystem agent unit 1710; a bus controller unit(s) 1716; an integratedmemory controller unit(s) 1714; a set or one or more coprocessors 2120which may include integrated graphics logic, an image processor, anaudio processor, and a video processor; an static random access memory(SRAM) unit 2130; a direct memory access (DMA) unit 2132; and a displayunit 2140 for coupling to one or more external displays. In oneembodiment, the coprocessor(s) 2120 include a special-purpose processor,such as, for example, a network or communication processor, compressionengine, GPGPU, a high-throughput MIC processor, embedded processor, orthe like.

Embodiments of the mechanisms disclosed herein may be implemented inhardware, software, firmware, or a combination of such implementationapproaches. Embodiments of the invention may be implemented as computerprograms or program code executing on programmable systems comprising atleast one processor, a storage system (including volatile andnon-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device,and at least one output device.

Program code, such as code 1930 illustrated in FIG. 19, may be appliedto input instructions to perform the functions described herein andgenerate output information. The output information may be applied toone or more output devices, in known fashion. For purposes of thisapplication, a processing system includes any system that has aprocessor, such as, for example; a digital signal processor (DSP), amicrocontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or amicroprocessor.

The program code may be implemented in a high level procedural or objectoriented programming language to communicate with a processing system.The program code may also be implemented in assembly or machinelanguage, if desired. In fact, the mechanisms described herein are notlimited in scope to any particular programming language. In any case,the language may be a compiled or interpreted language.

One or more aspects of at least one embodiment may be implemented byrepresentative instructions stored on a machine-readable medium whichrepresents various logic within the processor, which when read by amachine causes the machine to fabricate logic to perform the techniquesdescribed herein. Such representations, known as “IP cores” may bestored on a tangible, machine readable medium and supplied to variouscustomers or manufacturing facilities to load into the fabricationmachines that actually make the logic or processor.

Such machine-readable storage media may include, without limitation,non-transitory, tangible arrangements of articles manufactured or formedby a machine or device, including storage media such as hard disks, anyother type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, compact diskread-only memories (CD-ROMs), compact disk rewritable's (CD-RWs), andmagneto-optical disks, semiconductor devices such as read-only memories(ROMs), random access memories (RAMs) such as dynamic random accessmemories (DRAMs), static random access memories (SRAMs), erasableprogrammable read-only memories (EPROMs), flash memories, electricallyerasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs), phase change memory(PCM), magnetic or optical cards, or any other type of media suitablefor storing electronic instructions.

Accordingly, embodiments of the invention also include non-transitory,tangible machine-readable media containing instructions or containingdesign data, such as Hardware Description Language (HDL), which definesstructures, circuits, apparatuses, processors and/or system featuresdescribed herein. Such embodiments may also be referred to as programproducts.

Emulation (Including Binary Translation, Code Morphing, Etc.)

In some cases, an instruction converter may be used to convert aninstruction from a source instruction set to a target instruction set.For example, the instruction converter may translate (e.g., using staticbinary translation, dynamic binary translation including dynamiccompilation), morph, emulate, or otherwise convert an instruction to oneor more other instructions to be processed by the core. The instructionconverter may be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, or acombination thereof. The instruction converter may be on processor, offprocessor, or part on and part off processor.

FIG. 22 is a block diagram contrasting the use of a software instructionconverter to convert binary instructions in a source instruction set tobinary instructions in a target instruction set according to embodimentsof the invention. In the illustrated embodiment, the instructionconverter is a software instruction converter, although alternativelythe instruction converter may be implemented in software, firmware,hardware, or various combinations thereof. FIG. 22 shows a program in ahigh level language 2202 may be compiled using an x86 compiler 2204 togenerate x86 binary code 2206 that may be natively executed by aprocessor with at least one x86 instruction set core 2216. The processorwith at least one x86 instruction set core 2216 represents any processorthat can perform substantially the same functions as an Intel processorwith at least one x86 instruction set core by compatibly executing orotherwise processing (1) a substantial portion of the instruction set ofthe Intel x86 instruction set core or (2) object code versions ofapplications or other software targeted to run on an Intel processorwith at least one x86 instruction set core, in order to achievesubstantially the same result as an Intel processor with at least onex86 instruction set core. The x86 compiler 2204 represents a compilerthat is operable to generate x86 binary code 2206 (e.g., object code)that can, with or without additional linkage processing, be executed onthe processor with at least one x86 instruction set core 2216.Similarly, FIG. 22 shows the program in the high level language 2202 maybe compiled using an alternative instruction set compiler 2208 togenerate alternative instruction set binary code 2210 that may benatively executed by a processor without at least one x86 instructionset core 2214 (e.g., a processor with cores that execute the MIPSinstruction set of MIPS Technologies of Sunnyvale, Calif. and/or thatexecute the ARM instruction set of ARM Holdings of Sunnyvale, Calif.).The instruction converter 2212 is used to convert the x86 binary code2206 into code that may be natively executed by the processor without anx86 instruction set core 2214. This converted code is not likely to bethe same as the alternative instruction set binary code 2210 because aninstruction converter capable of this is difficult to make; however, theconverted code will accomplish the general operation and be made up ofinstructions from the alternative instruction set. Thus, the instructionconverter 2212 represents software, firmware, hardware, or a combinationthereof that, through emulation, simulation or any other process, allowsa processor or other electronic device that does not have an x86instruction set processor or core to execute the x86 binary code 2206.

Components, features, and details described for any of FIGS. 2, 3A, 3B,and 6-14 may also optionally be used in any of FIGS. 4-5. Moreover,components, features, and details described herein for any of theapparatus may also optionally be used in any of the methods describedherein, which in embodiments may be performed by and/or with such theapparatus.

Example Embodiments

The following examples pertain to further embodiments. Specifics in theexamples may be used anywhere in one or more embodiments.

Example 1 is a processor that includes a decode unit to map a packeddata instruction that is to indicate at least a first narrower sourcepacked data operand and a narrower destination operand to a maskedpacked data operation. The masked packed data operation is to indicateat least a first wider source packed data operand that is to be widerthan and is to include the first narrower source packed data operand,and is to indicate a wider destination operand that is to be wider thanand is to include the narrower destination operand. The processor alsoincludes an execution unit coupled with the decode unit. The executionunit is to perform the masked packed data operation with a packed dataoperation mask. The packed data operation mask is to include a maskelement for each corresponding result data element of a packed dataresult that is to be stored by the masked packed data operation. Allmask elements that correspond to result data elements to be stored bythe masked packed data operation that would not be stored by the packeddata instruction are to be masking out. The execution unit is to storethe packed data result in the wider destination operand.

Example 2 includes the processor of any preceding example and optionallyin which the execution unit is to write an entire width of a registerthat is to correspond to the wider destination operand, and optionallyin which the narrower destination operand is to correspond to only aportion of the width of the register.

Example 3 includes the processor of any preceding example and optionallyin which the execution unit is to store the packed data result in whichresult data elements to be updated by an operation associated with thepacked data instruction are to occupy only an intermediate portion of aregister between a least significant portion of the register and a mostsignificant portion of the register.

Example 4 includes the processor of any preceding example and optionallyin which the decode unit is to receive the packed data instruction thatis also to indicate a second narrower source packed data operand, andoptionally in which the decode unit is to map the packed datainstruction to the masked packed data operation that is also to indicatea second wider source packed data operand that is to be wider than andthat is to include the second narrower source packed data operand.

Example 5 includes the processor of any preceding example and optionallyin which the decode unit is to receive the packed data instruction thatis to indicate an operation on at least one pair of non-correspondingdata elements, which are not to be in corresponding bit positions, inthe first and second narrower source packed data operands, andoptionally in which the processor is further to perform an operation toplace the pair of non-corresponding data elements in corresponding bitpositions to be operated on by the execution unit when performing themasked packed data operation.

Example 6 includes the processor of any preceding example and optionallyin which the processor is to perform the operation to place the pair ofnon-corresponding data elements in the corresponding bit positions byperforming one of a shift operation, a shuffle operation, and a permuteoperation.

Example 7 includes the processor of any preceding example and optionallyin which the packed data instruction is not to indicate a packed dataoperation mask.

Example 8 includes the processor of any preceding example and optionallyin which the packed data instruction is to indicate a packed dataoperation mask having fewer mask elements than the packed data operationmask that is to be used by the execution unit to perform the maskedpacked data operation.

Example 9 includes the processor of any preceding example and optionallyin which the execution unit is to store the packed data result in whicha value of each result data element that corresponds to a masked outmask element is to be unchanged, and optionally in which a value of eachresult data element that corresponds to an unmasked mask element is tobe updated by an operation associated with the packed data instruction.

Example 10 is a method in a processor that includes receiving a packeddata instruction indicating at least a first narrower source packed dataoperand and a narrower destination operand. The method also includesmapping the packed data instruction to a masked packed data operationindicating at least a first wider source packed data operand that iswider than and includes the first narrower source packed data operand,and indicating a wider destination operand that is wider than andincludes the narrower destination operand. The method also includesgenerating a packed data operation mask that includes a mask element foreach corresponding result data element of a packed data result to bestored by the masked packed data operation. All mask elements thatcorrespond to result data elements to be stored by the masked packeddata operation that would not be stored by the packed data instructionare to be masking out. The method also includes performing the maskedpacked data operation using the packed data operation mask. The methodalso includes storing the packed data result in the wider destinationoperand.

Example 11 includes the method of any preceding example and optionallyin which storing the packed data result includes writing an entire widthof a register that corresponds to the wider destination operand, andoptionally in which the narrower destination operand corresponds to onlya portion of the width of the register.

Example 12 includes the method of any preceding example and optionallyin which storing includes storing the packed data result in which resultdata elements which are updated by an operation associated with thepacked data instruction occupy only an intermediate portion of aregister between a least significant portion of the register and a mostsignificant portion of the register.

Example 13 includes the method of any preceding example and optionallyin which receiving includes receiving the packed data instruction thatalso indicates a second narrower source packed data operand, andoptionally in which mapping includes mapping the packed data instructionto the masked packed data operation that also indicates a second widersource packed data operand that is wider than and includes the secondnarrower source packed data operand.

Example 14 includes the method of any preceding example and optionallyin which receiving includes receiving the packed data instructionindicating an operation on at least one pair of non-corresponding dataelements, which are not in corresponding bit positions, in the first andsecond narrower source packed data operands, and optionally furtherincluding performing an operation to place the pair of non-correspondingdata elements in corresponding bit positions to be operated on by themasked packed data operation.

Example 15 includes the method of any preceding example and optionallyin which performing the operation to place the pair of non-correspondingdata elements in corresponding bit positions includes performing one ofa shift operation, a shuffle operation, and a permute operation.

Example 16 includes the method of any preceding example and optionallyin which receiving includes receiving the packed data instruction thatdoes not indicate a packed data operation mask.

Example 17 includes the method of any preceding example and optionallyin which receiving includes receiving the packed data instruction thatindicates a second packed data operation mask that has a lesser numberof mask elements than the generated packed data operation mask.

Example 18 includes the method of any preceding example and optionallyin which the first narrower source packed data operand is aliased on thefirst wider source packed data operand in a register.

Example 19 includes the method of any preceding example and optionallyin which storing includes storing the packed data result in which avalue of each result data element that corresponds to a masked out maskelement is unchanged, and optionally in which a value of each resultdata element that corresponds to an unmasked mask element is updated byan operation associated with the packed data instruction.

Example 20 is a system to process instructions that includes aninterconnect and a processor coupled with the interconnect. Theprocessor includes a first unit to map a packed data instruction that isto indicate at least a first narrower source packed data operand and anarrower destination operand to a masked packed data operation that isto indicate at least a first wider source packed data operand that is toinclude the first narrower source packed data operand, and that is toindicate a wider destination operand that is to include the narrowerdestination operand. The processor also includes integrated circuitrycoupled with the first unit. The integrated circuitry is to perform themasked packed data operation with a mask that is to include a mask bitfor each corresponding data element of a packed data result that is tobe stored by the masked packed data operation. Only mask bits thatcorrespond to data elements to be stored by the packed data instructionare allowed to be not masked out. The system also includes a dynamicrandom access memory (DRAM) coupled with the interconnect.

Example 21 includes the system of Example 20 and optionally in which theintegrated circuitry is further to perform a data rearrangementoperation to align a data element of the first narrower source packeddata operand with a data element of the packed data result.

Example 22 includes a processor that includes means for receiving apacked data instruction indicating at least a first narrower sourcepacked data operand and a narrower destination operand. The processoralso includes means for mapping the packed data instruction to a maskedpacked data operation indicating at least a first wider source packeddata operand that is wider than and includes the first narrower sourcepacked data operand, and indicating a wider destination operand that iswider than and includes the narrower destination operand. The processoralso includes means for generating a packed data operation mask thatincludes a mask element for each corresponding result data element of apacked data result to be stored by the masked packed data operation. Allmask elements that correspond to result data elements to be stored bythe masked packed data operation that would not be stored by the packeddata instruction are masking out.

Example 23 includes the system of Example 22 and optionally furtherincluding means for aligning a data element of the first narrower sourcepacked data operand with a data element of the packed data result.

Example 24 includes an apparatus to perform the method of any ofExamples 10-19.

Example 25 includes an apparatus including means for performing themethod of any of Examples 10-19.

Example 26 includes a processor including means for performing themethod of any of Examples 10-19.

Example 27 includes computer system including a dynamic random accessmemory (DRAM) and a processor coupled with the DRAM that includes meansfor performing the method of any of Examples 10-19.

Example 28 includes an apparatus to perform a method substantially asdescribed herein.

Example 29 includes an apparatus including means for performing a methodsubstantially as described herein.

In the description and claims, the terms “coupled” and “connected,”along with their derivatives, may have been used. It should beunderstood that these terms are not intended as synonyms for each other.Rather, in particular embodiments, “connected” may be used to indicatethat two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contactwith each other. “Coupled” may mean that two or more elements are indirect physical or electrical contact. However, “coupled” may also meanthat two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, butyet still co-operate or interact with each other. In the figures, arrowsare used to show connections and couplings.

In the description and claims, the term “logic” may have been used. Asused herein, logic may include hardware, firmware, software, or acombination thereof. Examples of logic include integrated circuitry,application specific integrated circuits, analog circuits, digitalcircuits, programmed logic devices, memory devices includinginstructions, etc. In some embodiments, the hardware logic may includetransistors and/or gates potentially along with other circuitrycomponents.

The term “and/or” may have been used. As used herein, the term “and/or”means one or the other or both (e.g., A and/or B means A or B or both Aand B).

In the description above, for purposes of explanation, numerous specificdetails have been set forth in order to provide a thorough understandingof embodiments of the invention. It will be apparent however, to oneskilled in the art, that one or more other embodiments may be practicedwithout some of these specific details. The particular embodimentsdescribed are not provided to limit the invention but to illustrate itthrough example embodiments. The scope of the invention is not to bedetermined by the specific examples but only by the claims. In otherinstances, well-known circuits, structures, devices, and operations havebeen shown in block diagram form or without detail in order to avoidobscuring the understanding of the description.

Where considered appropriate, reference numerals, or terminal portionsof reference numerals, have been repeated among the figures to indicatecorresponding or analogous elements, which may optionally have similaror the same characteristics, unless specified or clearly apparentotherwise. In some cases, where multiple components have been described,they may be incorporated into a single component. In other cases, wherea single component has been described, it may be partitioned intomultiple components.

Various operations and methods have been described. Some of the methodshave been described in a relatively basic form in the flow diagrams, butoperations may optionally be added to and/or removed from the methods.In addition, while the flow diagrams show a particular order of theoperations according to example embodiments, that particular order isexemplary. Alternate embodiments may optionally perform the operationsin different order, combine certain operations, overlap certainoperations, etc.

Some embodiments include an article of manufacture (e.g., a computerprogram product) that includes a machine-readable medium. The medium mayinclude a mechanism that provides, for example stores, information in aform that is readable by the machine. The machine-readable medium mayprovide, or have stored thereon, one or more instructions, that ifand/or when executed by a machine are operable to cause the machine toperform and/or result in the machine performing one or operations,methods, or techniques disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the machine-readable medium may include a tangibleand/or non-transitory machine-readable storage medium. For example, thetangible and/or non-transitory machine-readable storage medium mayinclude a floppy diskette, an optical storage medium, an optical disk,an optical data storage device, a CD-ROM, a magnetic disk, amagneto-optical disk, a read only memory (ROM), a programmable ROM(PROM), an erasable-and-programmable ROM (EPROM), anelectrically-erasable-and-programmable ROM (EEPROM), a random accessmemory (RAM), a static-RAM (SRAM), a dynamic-RAM (DRAM), a Flash memory,a phase-change memory, a phase-change data storage material, anon-volatile memory, a non-volatile data storage device, anon-transitory memory, a non-transitory data storage device, or thelike. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium does notconsist of a transitory propagated signal. In another embodiment, themachine-readable medium may include a transitory machine-readablecommunication medium, for example, the electrical, optical, acousticalor other forms of propagated signals, such as carrier waves, infraredsignals, digital signals, or the like.

Examples of suitable machines include, but are not limited to,general-purpose processors, special-purpose processors, instructionprocessing apparatus, digital logic circuits, integrated circuits, andthe like. Still other examples of suitable machines include computingdevices and other electronic devices that incorporate such processors,instruction processing apparatus, digital logic circuits, or integratedcircuits. Examples of such computing devices and electronic devicesinclude, but are not limited to, desktop computers, laptop computers,notebook computers, tablet computers, netbooks, smartphones, cellularphones, servers, network devices (e.g., routers and switches), MobileInternet devices (MIDs), media players, smart televisions, nettops,set-top boxes, and video game controllers.

It should also be appreciated that reference throughout thisspecification to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, or “one or moreembodiments”, for example, means that a particular feature may beincluded in the practice of the invention. Similarly, it should beappreciated that in the description various features are sometimesgrouped together in a single embodiment, Figure, or description thereoffor the purpose of streamlining the disclosure and aiding in theunderstanding of various inventive aspects. This method of disclosure,however, is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that theinvention requires more features than are expressly recited in eachclaim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects maylie in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus,the claims following the Detailed Description are hereby expresslyincorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing onits own as a separate embodiment of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A processor comprising: a decode unit to map apacked data instruction that is to indicate at least a first narrowersource packed data operand and a narrower destination operand to amasked packed data operation that is to indicate at least a first widersource packed data operand that is to be wider than and is to includethe first narrower source packed data operand, and that is to indicate awider destination operand that is to be wider than and is to include thenarrower destination operand; and an execution unit coupled with thedecode unit, the execution unit to perform the masked packed dataoperation with a packed data operation mask, the packed data operationmask to include a mask element for each corresponding result dataelement of a packed data result that is to be stored by the maskedpacked data operation, wherein all mask elements that correspond toresult data elements to be stored by the masked packed data operationthat would not be stored by the packed data instruction are to bemasking out, the execution unit to store the packed data result in thewider destination operand.
 2. The processor of claim 1, wherein theexecution unit is to write an entire width of a register that is tocorrespond to the wider destination operand, and wherein the narrowerdestination operand is to correspond to only a portion of the width ofthe register.
 3. The processor of claim 1, wherein the execution unit isto store the packed data result in which result data elements to beupdated by an operation associated with the packed data instruction areto occupy only an intermediate portion of a register between a leastsignificant portion of the register and a most significant portion ofthe register.
 4. The processor of claim 1, wherein the decode unit is toreceive the packed data instruction that is also to indicate a secondnarrower source packed data operand, and wherein the decode unit is tomap the packed data instruction to the masked packed data operation thatis also to indicate a second wider source packed data operand that is tobe wider than and that is to include the second narrower source packeddata operand.
 5. The processor of claim 4, wherein the decode unit is toreceive the packed data instruction that is to indicate an operation onat least one pair of non-corresponding data elements, which are not tobe in corresponding bit positions, in the first and second narrowersource packed data operands, and wherein the processor is further toperform an operation to place the pair of non-corresponding dataelements in corresponding bit positions to be operated on by theexecution unit when performing the masked packed data operation.
 6. Theprocessor of claim 5, wherein the processor is to perform the operationto place the pair of non-corresponding data elements in thecorresponding bit positions by performing one of a shift operation, ashuffle operation, and a permute operation.
 7. The processor of claim 1,wherein the packed data instruction is not to indicate a packed dataoperation mask.
 8. The processor of claim 1, wherein the packed datainstruction is to indicate a packed data operation mask having fewermask elements than the packed data operation mask that is to be used bythe execution unit to perform the masked packed data operation.
 9. Theprocessor of claim 1, wherein the execution unit is to store the packeddata result in which a value of each result data element thatcorresponds to a masked out mask element is to be unchanged, and inwhich a value of each result data element that corresponds to anunmasked mask element is to be updated by an operation associated withthe packed data instruction.
 10. A method in a processor comprising:receiving a packed data instruction indicating at least a first narrowersource packed data operand and a narrower destination operand; mappingthe packed data instruction to a masked packed data operation indicatingat least a first wider source packed data operand that is wider than andincludes the first narrower source packed data operand, and indicating awider destination operand that is wider than and includes the narrowerdestination operand; generating a packed data operation mask thatincludes a mask element for each corresponding result data element of apacked data result to be stored by the masked packed data operation,wherein all mask elements that correspond to result data elements to bestored by the masked packed data operation that would not be stored bythe packed data instruction are masking out; performing the maskedpacked data operation using the packed data operation mask; and storingthe packed data result in the wider destination operand.
 11. The methodof claim 10, wherein storing the packed data result comprises writing anentire width of a register that corresponds to the wider destinationoperand, and wherein the narrower destination operand corresponds toonly a portion of the width of the register.
 12. The method of claim 10,wherein storing comprises storing the packed data result in which resultdata elements which are updated by an operation associated with thepacked data instruction occupy only an intermediate portion of aregister between a least significant portion of the register and a mostsignificant portion of the register.
 13. The method of claim 10, whereinreceiving comprises receiving the packed data instruction that alsoindicates a second narrower source packed data operand, and whereinmapping includes mapping the packed data instruction to the maskedpacked data operation that also indicates a second wider source packeddata operand that is wider than and includes the second narrower sourcepacked data operand.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein receivingcomprises receiving the packed data instruction indicating an operationon at least one pair of non-corresponding data elements, which are notin corresponding bit positions, in the first and second narrower sourcepacked data operands, and further comprising performing an operation toplace the pair of non-corresponding data elements in corresponding bitpositions to be operated on by the masked packed data operation.
 15. Themethod of claim 14, wherein performing the operation to place the pairof non-corresponding data elements in corresponding bit positionscomprises performing one of a shift operation, a shuffle operation, anda permute operation.
 16. The method of claim 10, wherein receivingcomprises receiving the packed data instruction that does not indicate apacked data operation mask.
 17. The method of claim 10, whereinreceiving comprises receiving the packed data instruction that indicatesa second packed data operation mask that has a lesser number of maskelements than the generated packed data operation mask.
 18. The methodof claim 10, wherein the first narrower source packed data operand isaliased on the first wider source packed data operand in a register. 19.The method of claim 10, wherein storing comprises storing the packeddata result in which a value of each result data element thatcorresponds to a masked out mask element is unchanged, and in which avalue of each result data element that corresponds to an unmasked maskelement is updated by an operation associated with the packed datainstruction.
 20. A system to process instructions comprising: aninterconnect; a processor coupled with the interconnect, the processorincluding: a first unit to map a packed data instruction that is toindicate at least a first narrower source packed data operand and anarrower destination operand to a masked packed data operation that isto indicate at least a first wider source packed data operand that is toinclude the first narrower source packed data operand, and that is toindicate a wider destination operand that is to include the narrowerdestination operand; and integrated circuitry coupled with the firstunit, the integrated circuitry to perform the masked packed dataoperation with a mask that is to include a mask bit for eachcorresponding data element of a packed data result that is to be storedby the masked packed data operation, wherein only mask bits thatcorrespond to data elements to be stored by the packed data instructionare allowed to be not masked out; and a dynamic random access memory(DRAM) coupled with the interconnect.
 21. The system of claim 20,wherein the integrated circuitry is further to perform a datarearrangement operation to align a data element of the first narrowersource packed data operand with a data element of the packed dataresult.